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The systemic design decision of where governance constraints are located within an organisational system—whether embedded within the action space (architectural) or layered externally via oversight functions (compensatory). The effectiveness of governance depends not on the number of controls, but on their placement relative to the actions they seek to govern.
Controls embedded within the execution system (approval thresholds, role-bound authorities, irreversible commitment checkpoints) exert continuous influence without requiring ongoing human intervention. Controls placed outside (policies, training, post hoc review) depend on human attention and compliance.
Section IV: Constraint Placement and the Dynamics of Assurance Load