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Decision processes that combine human and machine cognition, where outputs result from interaction between AI recommendations and human judgment. Hybrid systems create accountability challenges because responsibility fragments across technical, organisational, and human layers.
A diagnostic system suggests possibilities; doctors consider them alongside their own assessment; nurses implement orders; outcomes emerge from the interaction. When something goes wrong, who is accountable? The question cannot be answered without an accountability architecture.
Section 5.4: Accountability Continuity