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Patterns where institutional constraints begin functioning as de facto decision authority without formal delegation. Occurs when insulation fails and judgment is displaced by capital (funders), liability (lawyers/insurers), process (procedures), or moral constraint (ethical framing). Substitution is a symptom of insufficient authority capacity, not a cause of failure.
A university doesn't formally delegate decisions to donors, but when fiscal insulation is weak, decision-makers internalise renewal logic and pre-emptively constrain judgment. The substitute governs without explicit authority.
ACIJ Section 6