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In IOA, the institutionally recognised right to participate in specific decisions or raise specific objections. Standing is not universal—not everyone has standing on every issue. Well-designed participation architecture clarifies who has standing on what, preventing both exclusion of legitimate voices and paralysis from unlimited objection rights.
Students have standing on curriculum matters; they don't have standing on faculty salary negotiations. Alumni have standing on institutional identity questions; they don't have standing on daily operational decisions. Clear standing rules prevent both disenfranchisement and overreach.
Section 4.1: Participation and Procedural Legitimacy