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IOA
The missing institutional layer between governance (which makes decisions) and risk management (which responds to events). IOA governs the operating conditions under which decisions translate into action and risk responses remain coherent—managing participation, learning, commitment durability, and escalation boundaries across time.
A university has excellent governance (clear policies) and risk management (crisis protocols). Yet when a controversial speaker is invited, the institution fragments. IOA would have governed how disagreement is channelled, who has standing to object, and when issues escalate to leadership—the operating conditions between the decision and its consequences.
Section 1: The Problem, Section 4: Four Domains