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The first domain of IOA: how institutions govern who participates in what, under what conditions, and with what standing. Includes rules about voice, standing, bounded disagreement, and the distinction between procedural and substantive legitimacy. When participation architecture fails, institutions either exclude voices that should be heard or cannot bound disagreement that should be contained.
A professional association lacks clear rules about who has standing to challenge leadership decisions. When controversy erupts, everyone claims the right to object, no forum can contain disagreement, and the institution fragments. The problem isn't the controversy but the missing participation architecture.
Section 4.1: Participation and Procedural Legitimacy