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A symptom of post-hoc governance where ambiguity is treated as risk, causing actors to retreat from judgment toward procedural compliance. Decision quality degrades even as rule-following improves, because actors minimise exposure by deferring decisions upward and avoiding interpretation.
Teachers stop adapting curriculum to student needs and 'teach to the test' because any deviation from standard procedure creates personal risk—discretion becomes liability.
Pre-Gov Section 2.5